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As the region of macro-segregation usually accompanies weaker strength in the material, metal flow lines are required to be symmetric for the typical bearing part above. The main design issues in its design…

An experience-based optimization of metal-forming process is very time-demanding and costly especially when the process design engineer aims at obtaining optimized metal flow lines (see the right). This example shows a typical process...

Metal flow lines or grain flows are very important in life-span of metal-formed products. Ito et al.(1982, ASTM, pp. 125-135) presented life-span dependence of taper roller on metal flow lines (see the bottom...